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Old Spanish, also known as Old Castilian ((スペイン語:castellano antiguo, romance castellano)) or Medieval Spanish ((スペイン語:español medieval)), is an early form of the Spanish language that was spoken on the Iberian Peninsula from the 10th century until roughly the beginning of the 15th century, before a consonantal readjustment gave rise to the evolution of modern Spanish. The poem ''Cantar de Mio Cid'' (''The Poem of the Cid''), published around 1200, remains the best-known and most extensive work of literature in Old Spanish. ==Phonetics and phonology== The phonological system of Old Spanish was quite similar to that of other mediaeval Romance languages. Amongst the consonants, there were three pairs of sibilants, each pair consisting of one voiceless and one voiced member: *Voiceless alveolar affricate : represented by the letter before , , , and by before or *Voiced alveolar affricate : represented by the letter *Voiceless apicoalveolar fricative : represented by in word-initial and word-final positions and before and after a consonant, and by between vowels *Voiced apicoalveolar fricative : represented by the letter between vowels and before voiced consonants *Voiceless postalveolar fricative : represented by the letter (pronounced like the English digraph ) *Voiced postalveolar fricative : represented by the letter , and (often) by before or (spelled in the English digraph as in "vision") The Modern Spanish sound (voiceless velar fricative), corresponding to the letter or to before or , and the Modern Spanish sound (voiceless dental fricative), written as or as before or , did not exist in Old Spanish. Modern Spanish and evolved from ~ and ~ respectively. The Old Spanish spelling of the sibilants was identical to modern Portuguese spelling, which still reflects the medieval language; Spanish was respelt in 1815. Old Spanish , spelled by the letter between vowels, is only found in Modern Spanish as an allophone of before voiced consonants. In several dialects, the /x/ phoneme is pronounced (), not (), and in most dialects the phoneme /θ/ has merged with /s/. Examples: *''xefe'' (modern Spanish ''jefe'', cf. Portuguese ''chefe'') *''Xeres'' (modern Spanish ''Jerez'', cf. Portuguese ''Xerez'') *''oxalá'' (modern Spanish ''(ojalá )'', cf. Portuguese ''oxalá'') *''dexar'' (modern Spanish ''dejar'', cf. Portuguese ''deixar'') *''fazer'' or ''facer'' (modern Spanish ''hacer'', cf. Portuguese ''fazer'') *''dezir'' (modern Spanish ''decir'', cf. Portuguese ''dizer'') *''lança'' (modern Spanish ''lanza'', cf. Portuguese ''lança'') *''passar'' (modern Spanish ''pasar'', cf. Portuguese ''passar'') *''foces'' "sickles", ''fozes'' "throats/ravines" (modern Spanish ''hoces'' in both cases, cf. Portuguese ''foices'', ''fozes'') *''coxo'' "lame", ''cojo'' "I seize" (modern Spanish ''cojo'' in both cases, cf. Portuguese ''coxo'', ''colho'') *''osso'' "bear", ''oso'' "I dare" (modern Spanish ''oso'' in both cases, cf. Portuguese ''urso'', ''ouso'') The Old Spanish origins of ''jeque'' and ''jerife'' reflect their Arabic origins, ''xeque'' from Arabic ''sheikh'' and ''xerife'' from Arabic ''sharif.'' The letters and were still distinct; still represented a stop consonant in all positions, while was pronounced as a voiced bilabial or labiodental fricative. The use of and in Old Spanish largely corresponded to their use in modern Portuguese, which still distinguishes the two sounds (with the exception of Galician and some northern Portuguese dialects). When Spanish spelling was changed in 1815, words with and were respelt etymologically in order to match Latin spelling whenever possible. Examples: *''aver'' (Modern Spanish ''haber'', cf. Latin ''habēre,'' Portuguese ''haver'') *''caber'' (Modern Spanish ''caber'', cf. Latin ''capere,'' Portuguese ''caber'') *''bever'' (Modern Spanish ''beber'', cf. Latin ''bibere''; Portuguese ''beber'' < older ''bever'') *''bivir/vivir'' (Modern Spanish ''vivir'', cf. Latin ''vīvere'', Portuguese ''viver'') *''amava'' (Modern Spanish ''amaba'', cf. Latin ''amābam/amābat'', Portuguese ''amava'') The letter represented variously a labiodental (like the English ) that later disappeared from pronunciation, where now an orthographic represents it, except learned words (i.e. words borrowed directly from Classical Latin), before a glide, or another consonant. Examples: *''fablar'' (Modern Spanish ''hablar'') *''fazer'' or ''facer'' (Modern Spanish ''hacer'') *''fijo'' (Modern Spanish ''hijo'') *''foces'' "sickles", ''fozes'' "throats/ravines" (Modern Spanish ''hoces'') *''follín'' (Modern Spanish ''hollín'') *''ferir'' (Modern Spanish ''herir'') *''fiel'' (Modern Spanish ''fiel'') *''fuerte'' (Modern Spanish ''fuerte'') *''flor'' (Modern Spanish ''flor'') This is the reason why there are modern variants ''Fernando'' and ''Hernando'' (both Spanish of "Ferdinand"), ''ferrero'' and ''herrero'' (both Spanish of "smith"), ''fierro'' and ''hierro'' (both Spanish of "iron"), and ''fondo'' and ''hondo'' (''fondo'' means "bottom", ''hondo'' means "deep"); ''hacer'' (Spanish of "to make") is the root word of ''satisfacer'' (Spanish of "to satisfy"), and ''hecho'' ("made") is the root word of ''satisfecho'' (Spanish of "satisfied"). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Old Spanish language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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